Domestic Archaeology

Domestic Archaeology

As a follow-on from my last post, where I wrote about my investigation into my own home, I would like you to consider what you might leave behind.

I don’t mean the precious objects you bequeath to family: perhaps artworks, jewellery or photographs but the everyday objects you misplace and forget; the marks and symbols that you leave in your house and property that give clues to who and what you are.

I was inspired to create this post by the random discovery we had yesterday while gardening; as I weeded and hoed, my husband was shoveling nicely matured compost from the bin to be layered under pea straw. I looked up when he called – had I lost an egg-cup? There, discarded into the compost was a stainless steel egg-cup, accidentally scooped up and scraped into the compost bin with the egg-shells after a lunch last year. We had a laugh – I hadn’t missed it at all. And isn’t that often the case when you lose something – trying to remember where you last had it? Sometimes its years later and you are thinking I used to have such-and-such – whatever happened to that?

As adults with things occupying our minds and distractions that we lose stuff: I have lost more earrings than I care to remember, and even precious rings, but that is another story. Particularly as children we leave things behind and lose things we shouldn’t – (a new jersey left down at the swings, our homework book left at school – who hasn’t?). Some time ago my mother reminisced back to her early childhood and how she had lost some favourite dollies:

Noeline’s lost dolls

Down [the] track which went past the back of the house – it went down beside the fence-line (which was barberries and further along was covered with blackberries) and on the other side of the track were the broom bushes that used to come up. I used to love it to go and sit in under there when the sun was hot and I would play there. As I got a bit older I sort of would play round further and further. Oh it was lovely – there were bits of moss and lichen and it smelled all nice and sort of that mossy sort of a smell that you get. There was little ferns growing here and there. The broom must have been growing there uncut for years because some of it was quite tall – you could just walk in (or crawl in ) around under it.

I found a stump – a stump of a tree that had been cut down and it was in sort of a grassy bit and it had all the little lichen , the one that we used to call the ‘match-stick lichen’ because the fruiting bodies came up like a little wax match-head. There was an opening in one side (probably just where it had rotted a bit) and I would put my little bits and pieces that I was playing with there. I used to take my dolls (I had all sorts of little dolls that various members [of family] had given me) I’d go down there and play, then Mum would call out that dinner was ready and I would have to gather up my stuff and come back.

When I had just got over whooping cough and one thing and another Dad went off to Christchurch and he came home and he brought me a beautiful black rabbit and he brought me a pair of Mabel Lucie Atwell dollies. He said they were ‘dollies’ and I always called them ‘The Dollies’. One was red, and one was blue – they were celluloid dolls. They had articulated arms and legs and they were like baby dolls with these round pink Mabel Lucy Atwell faces and in little hooded suits, like simulated knitted suits.

I loved those two little dolls! They were only about that big – I suppose about 10 inches at the most – and I could hold them so nicely and I used to play with them down there [at the stump]. They went missing – I missed them when we went to Kumara: I didn’t have the dolls.  I wondered, I always wondered what had happened to them. It wasn’t until years later, I dreamt about playing down by the stump with these dolls and I can recall that I tucked them inside there and I must have left them there. Being a kid, you forget things for a time and go and play with other things and never sort of thought of them again.

NR McCaughan 2010

artefact noun an object made by a human being, typically one of cultural or historical interest.

So where do these things turn up? It is quite common to find old newspapers in drawers or cupboards, or even ceilings.  Mantelpieces hide hold photographs, tickets, invitations and letters that have slipped down the gap between the back and the wall. Gaps in the floorboard can hide buttons, beads, hairpins or hatpins. Under houses; either the crawl-space or basement were where people put stuff and forgot about it, kids crawl under houses, decks and verandahs to play. Shrubbery hides balls and toys. Garden sheds and garages typically acquire over several generations of inhabitants a number of odd things; bottles, jars, tins and tools stored up high but forgotten. More rarely, something is deliberately hidden; to be retrieved later, or for someone else to find.

In earlier, less environmentally conscious times, people discarded their rubbish that could not be recycled into middens: pits (or old wells or long-drop toilets) which they threw broken crockery, tins, bones and bottles. If you find a midden it can be possible to date it by the markings on china and glass. If  your house or land is quite old and the midden has a lot of intact items, it is worth contacting your local museum or historical society for advice before disturbing too much. Up until the 1970s many people happily burnt their rubbish at home, either in a destructor, a little coal fired stove in the kitchen, or outside in the back yard in an incinerator.

One thing to look out for in an old house where there was a growing family is evidence of children’s heights being recorded on a doorpost, that and the odd bit of subversive (or blatant) graffiti. I marked my children’s heights at my two previous houses – I even transferred the results to a long sheet of paper when we moved. At one of my former homes, the previous owner was  projectionist at the Majestic Theatre – when we demolished the outside toilet, we discovered the inside was lined with the long banner movie posters printed on heavy card that used to be displayed over the entrance doors at the Movie Theatre.

The most common thing to find in the garden of a house is lost toys; the very first find I have is from a house we lived in in Pleasant Point in the mid-1960s. I often wondered about the rest of the tea set and if a little girl mourned the loss of her jug.

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c1940s toy china milk jug with transfer print approx 1 cm high. Probably part of a dolls’ tea-set. Found: Dug up in garden, Pleasant Point c1966

The next items are from the first home I owned, an Edwardian villa in Church Street, Timaru from 1983-1996. The first, a tiny dolls head was from an area in the back lawn that had a lot of broken crockery and glass; probably the site of the household midden. Very cheaply mass produced, probably using an old mould which has lost detail. These heads were sold in a range of sizes to be made up at home with a cloth body. This one would be for a dolls house.

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c1900-1910 glazed china doll’s head, hand painted. Approx 1.5cm high.  Found: dug up in back lawn, c1985

Not associated with a house but I cant help including this little beauty. Not long after  I found the head (above) I found another tiny doll, this time on a grassy area by the beach on Caroline Bay. These dolls were produced for over 60 years, the hairstyle suggests towards the end of the second decade of the 20th Century. These would likely have been sold on the Bay along with other toys to holidaymakers during the summer. No doubt somebody’s day turned to tears when it was discovered to have slipped from a little hand.

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c1920s “Frozen Charlotte” Glazed china doll. Hand painted.  2cm high. Found grass area above beach. c1985.

 

Sometimes precious objects are broken and discarded, but how this broken vase ended up in the hedge at Church Street is a mystery; perhaps it was knocked from a windowsill (only a couple of metres away?).

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c1950s-1970s. Blown glass controlled bubble ball, base of a bud vase (stem broken off). Approx 6 cm diameter. Found: inside hedge on boundary.

Everyday items were sometimes kept for further use – storage of anything from screws to pieces of string were kept in a handy wee jar:

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c1920-1950 White glass, metal and paper. English made Marmite Jar. 6 cm high. Found: on floor beam in basement under the house with other jars and beer bottles.
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c1920s Pack of playing cards. Lithographed. Found: crawl space under the house scattered on the ground

Perhaps surplice to requirements, stored then forgotten, these lightweight chairs were very popular for many years. The styling went out-of-date after the 1920s when angular lines, uncluttered detail and cream and green painted furniture became more favoured in the kitchen.

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c 1890-1910 One of two Bentwood kitchen chairs. Oak with stamped laminated seat. Evidence that the seat originally had holes for a rush seat, possibly replaced with laminated seat from another chair. Found: basement under the house.

Now into the 20th Century. All of the following items (plus some others: marbles, plastic dolls’ cup, untold tennis and bouncy balls) we have found in the last few years at our Grants Road house, and all but one are toys: this points to the young occupants encouraged to use the garden and woodland extensively as their playground (their tree house was featured in my last post).

The first item is a piece of tableware but may have been used as a toy – it is a very old fashioned style for the 1970s and 80s and may have been given to a child to dig with. However, it may also have a remnant of the earlier occupants of the site, perhaps an accidental addition to a midden?

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c1900-1920 EPNS (Electro plated nickle silver) dessert spoon. Found buried deep in soil under deck when a drain was dug, 2018.

The next three items all date from around the same era and after 30 odd years in the undergrowth after a wash are remarkably intact. Children in the 1980s owned a lot more toys than previous generations, with quality falling in favour of cheap production methods. Many branded toys were marketed to promote films, as spin offs from television shows, and “collections” including for fast food companies.

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c1989 Plastic Batman mask, with loops for elastic.  15cm wide. This very lightweight mask for a small child was either a party favour or a promotional give-away. Found: in back garden undergrowth, 2016.
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1980s Moulded soft plastic toy army truck. Wire axles. Hand painted in camouflage colours, probably by the owner. Of very lightweight construction, cheaply mass-produced, often bought in a bag of several. Found in back garden undergrowth, 2017.
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1980s Orange plastic Frisbee with paper label of chicken character. Possibly a promotional give-away, 25 cm. Found: in back garden undergrowth, 2015

 

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1980s Moulded plastic baseball “Stars” character face with painted features. Found: in back garden undergrowth, 2015.

So, what have you lost? and what have you found? What do the objects tell you about the people who lived in your house?

Take any of these humble objects and you could write a story of what they started life as and what they became, their trajectory from precious to mundane.  Who owned them, when they were bought, what they were used for and how they became lost. Who forgot about them, who mourned their loss? And how long did they remain hidden before being found again?

Do you know anything more about the objects I found? If so leave me a message!

 

 

Our house, our home

Our house, our home

I have lived in Timaru most of my life. I worked in education for over 25 years and have been interested history since a young child, particularly the ordinary and everyday lives of people and their communities.

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My first Timaru Project aged 12

10 10

I learned a lot about local history during my time working as the first Heritage Educator at South Canterbury Museum, where I had to research and create and teach programmes and resources for students of all ages.

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Dressing up and telling stories at the Museum

I was asked recently to contribute to a local website that encourages people find fun locally, the latest theme to research their own home. As many people at time of writing are in lock-down due to the Covid -19 virus pandemic, I thought that sharing my research might inspire you to do similar  for your own home. While the information here is how I researched specific to where I live, I am sure that similar sites are available wherever you are; start with your local District or City Council. Use Facebook to find local interest groups. Connect with local historians. Have fun!  I would be interested to hear from those who manage to research their own house or want some help, either in comments here or on my Facebook page!

Much of my research involves starting with individuals and trying to find where they lived, although starting with a house and working backwards follows a similar process.  Many of the places I have researched no-longer exist; some seem to disappear before we realize. This is what happened in the Christchurch earthquakes; when vacant spaces appeared it was hard to remember what had been there before. So a lot of wider background reading and research is needed to understand the context of history and the community to keep memory alive: we don’t know what we have lost until it is gone.

In order to build a picture it is vital to understand the historic and cultural reasons people lived and worked where they did, although we must not assume people always had choice. Those who are well-off have better choices, while some people, like today, make-do with what they can afford in their circumstances. Houses are not always owned; people live with family, others rent, some are even homeless.

Places, houses and buildings are assigned meaning by the people who live and work in them. These places can come to life when we learn about the intersection of people, their homes and local history. Few ‘ordinary’ houses are thoroughly documented; just like ‘ordinary’ people, they tend to slip under the radar of official history, all the more reason that we should record and celebrate the commonplace.

Our place

We bought 74 Grants Road, Timaru in 2004. This is the third property in Timaru I have owned, but I have lived in seven houses altogether in Timaru since 1966 when we came to town[1].

Our home is an unremarkable bungalow, coloured concrete block, iron roof, over a basement and garage at the back. The windows are aluminium, and it has a wooden deck, and on the east side, a wooden and glass conservatory.

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The house rarely features in photographs, occasionally we see glimpses behind family gatherings.

Because it is built over a slope, the east and south sides of the house are elevated. Originally we could see the sea but that only happens in winter when the leaves on the trees are gone, but I love looking out directly into the branches of huge trees.

This house is built on a large back section with mature trees, sloping to the south and backs onto Dunkirk Street. The trees, in what we call our woodland, are mature oaks, ash, lime, walnut and plums with also a totara, lacebark and several cabbage trees and pittosporums. These attract a lot of bird life; fantails, waxeyes, grey warbler, thrush, blackbirds, swallows, the odd bell bird, kingfisher while white heron, paradise ducks, black back and grey gulls, geese and ducks often fly over.  We have free range chickens which enjoy the undergrowth too.  The trees were one reason we bought the house, however, they date well before the 1970s.

SANYO DIGITAL CAMERA
Looking south over Marchwiel from our back door

Our house was built 1975 by builder Dave DeJoux [2] for his young family: three children grew up here (and left their mark!). Dave and his daughters visited last year just before he passed away and I learnt a bit more about our house.

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Graffiti in the basement from the Dejoux children when they were moving out.

There is a tree house in the garden that Dave built which is still standing.

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The Tree Hut on our 10th Wedding Anniversary, with Alex (and Pickle the cat flying in)

Dave had a carpentry workshop under the house which has since been divided into two rooms which we use as art studios. The house inside has changed a little; a hallway and front door were removed to enlarge the lounge, the door to one of the bedrooms also moved. Inside the built-in wardrobes are the remains of the original funky 70s wallpaper.

70s paper
1970s wallpaper inside a wardrobe

The bluestone wall in our front garden was built with stone salvaged from the widening of the bridge on Old North Road, and the wooden beams which the back garden is terraced with were from another bridge on Taitarakihi creek at Smithfield.

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Bluestone blocks were once part of a bridge on old North Road

Finding out more about our place

When we bought our house, information that came with the report from the council included a plan of when the section was first sub-divided, dated 1955 which included the big house at 82 Grants Road, called “Wichenford”. Who owned this land?

subdivison 1955
74 Grants Road – Pt Lot 9.5

I decided to follow some research about this estate, to confirm what I had investigated when I worked at SC Museum. Following my usual approach of searching ‘wide’ then narrowing my focus, I decided I wanted to find more about the area before my house was built. Just like researching families, it pays to look at what the neighbours are up to and to understand the local community.

Firstly I checked out the local area of Grantlea / Marchwiel  and Grants Road. I looked up my copy of The Streets of Timaru (1975, reprinted 2011), and also searched for (Grants Road+Timaru) on-line. This area was associated with the Grant family of Elloughton Grange, there is a lot about them on-line. South Canterbury Genweb has interesting local information. This site has a large number of pictures including aerial shots of the general area including the big house Wichenford on Grants Road.

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Elloughton Grange in the foreground, looking east over Marchwiel state houses, taken by Whites Aviation c1956.  Wichenford is in the group of trees among houses on far top left.

Most of the area on the south of our property was built as state housing after WWII while houses to the north are from the late 1950s-1970s. Many of these families had young children, so Grantlea School was built in 1959. A large local employer was the Smithfield Freezing works, within walking or cycle distance. There were grocery and butcher shops at the bottom of Grants Road and at Marchwiel Park. Houses had large sections for growing vegetables. State houses didn’t have garages as buses were plentiful.

Googling (Wichenford) I found that it is a town in Worcestershire and the Washbourne family have been written about in a book. Googling (Wichenford +Timaru) gave me a real estate page which described the setting for the house as Hidden in a woodland […] boasting mature natives and exotic trees, including a kauri, totara, oaks – so this indicated that perhaps the original Wichenford owner also planted the trees on our section. Further down the same page of Google results was a link to Papers Past which showed a marriage: of Harry Waine, elder son of .Mr and. Mrs F. I. Washbourn, “Wichenford’, Timaru.

I then went directly to Papers Past to search.  I started with Newspapers, view date 1900- 1950, unchecked the tick box ‘select all’ then selected the region (Canterbury) and toggled so I could sort by date, 100 items per page and show preview.  Searching for both Wichenford and FI Washbourn gave me most of the information on the Washbourn family and Wichenford that I needed. (Remember starting ‘wide’ and then narrowing your search will give best results).

I still didn’t have Mr Washbourn’s full name so I hopped onto New Zealand Births Deaths and Marriages on-line and searched for the name, I quickly found that he was Francis Irvine Washbourn (1877-1951). Francis (Frank) married Lucy in 1905 and had three children, a daughter Mary (Molly) and two sons, Gordon and Harry, these are the names on the original subdivision in 1955!

I then went to Ancestry.com to search for more information, checking the box ‘collection focus’ to New Zealand.  I have a sub and can search family trees, so was able to find a tree with a picture of Frank and his parents. (Without a sub you can also search Ancestry Library Edition with your library card during lock-down. You usually have to go into the library to do so). I found postal directories and electoral rolls for Frank and his family that helped pinpoint where he lived and when (you can normally search these at the Museum Archives reading room too).

Dentist, milkman and farmer

Frank WASHBOURNE 1877-1951
Frank Washbourn 1877-1951

Frank and Lucy Washbourn married in Nelson; where they both grew up. They came to Timaru not long afterwards. About 1906 Frank Washbourn set up a dentistry practice in Bruce’s buildings in Beswick Street. They lived at Beverley Road up until the late 1920s. Possibly around 1912, Washbourn had purchased farm land that ran along Grants Road[3].

Canterbury Farmers Co-op Assn sale of land 1912
Map c1912 showing land on the lower half of Grants Road offered for sale by auction.

Here were planted apple trees (as well as the many other trees, some of which still grace our property) and a herd of pedigree Jersey cattle produced milk.

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1923
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1931

Washbourn belonged to the A & P association, the North End Ratepayers and was at one time president of the Rotary Club. At the end of the 1920s the double-storied brick house Wichenford was built and the family, then quite wealthy, often entertained guests and even rented their house out for the summer while they ‘motored’ to Nelson[4].

Your research:

  • To find out more about your property Google: go to maps, and then satellite. By looking at satellite view you can see other large properties nearby, of which your section may be one part of a sub-division, like mine. You can also identify natural features such as where streams may have been; many are now culverted in Timaru. On Google maps you can put a destination in directions so you can see how far it is to places you know; friends’ houses, work, school, the park or beach. Check the date on the bottom of the image to see how recent it was. Google Street View is good if you are on a street, but our house is down a driveway hidden from view. In Street View your property number shows in a black box. At the bottom of the box is a clock symbol with an arrow, click on that and you can see the street images at earlier dates. However, Timaru District Council Property Search is much clearer for satellite and aerial views, with a step back through time along the bottom. I got back to the 1930s with mine, just after Wichenford was built and before Dunkirk and Forth Streets and Goulds Road and Grantlea Drive existed.

    1935 snip
    Grants Road with Wichenford at the centre, c1935, 20 years before number 74 was sub-divided
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Numbering is a little ‘out’ on this map, red out line is 74
2019
Recent aerial view of our house – this is a couple of years old as I can see a tree on our driveway that we have removed
  • If you want to know details about when your house was last bought or sold and for how much, you can also see a bit for free on QV, the national property valuation website. You also to see when other nearby properties were built. You can see historical values from 1927-2020 by using an on-line tool.
  • Googling your address will bring up real estate pages of houses for sale which are quite interesting as you get to nosy in other houses to see if your house is similar. Sometimes several houses were built in similar style, often by the same builder.
  • Speak to older neighbours and family. Ask them what they know and remember. Record your findings and don’t forget to add the name and date of your informant.

REMEMBER: Act like an historian!

Always make a note of where and when you find information.

Just a few on-line resources for Timaru/ South Canterbury Research:

Timaru District Library

South Canterbury Museum  (or other local museums: Geraldine, Waimate, Temuka)  (also on Facebook)

South Canterbury Historical Society

South Canterbury, NZ Society of Genealogists (also on Facebook)

TeAra: places, biographies

Archives NZ, Archway portal

National Library of New Zealand:   see also https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers

NZETC

NZhistory online  includes state housing

Timaru History and Memories Face Book group

Further fun things to do

  • Make a plan of your house. Are there additions or extensions? Can you discover old paint colours or paper? (look inside cupboards and wardrobes). What do you love about your house? What would you change if you could?
  • Map your garden. Personalise it by adding things like sheds, the chicken run or dog kennel, best spot for sun, special trees or plants, swings, hidey holes, where the cat likes to sleep.
  • Map your neighbourhood. Draw things that interest you. Measure how many paces to favourite features, eg crooked tree, funny letterbox, bridge where you see the ducks, playground, school. Mark where things happened (“Fell off my bike here”): See similar maps online (Google these: Wind in the Willows map, Milly Molly Mandy Village)[5].

    wind in the willows
    I created this version of Wind in the Willows map for a school project c1974
  • Create a timeline for your house. What was happening in local, national and global history at the same time?
  • Research the original owner and write up a history folder, or share a post on-line (eg Face Book group, Timaru History and Memories). If your house has been in the family a long time, you might want to start a page or group on Facebook for other family members to contribute to.
  • Frame photos of your house or the original owner and display in your home:
  • Make a painting or drawing of your house
  • Make a time capsule and hide it (under the floor, in a cupboard or in the ceiling for future owners)
  • Paint (build or add to) your letterbox to reflect your house and its occupants.

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    A neighbour’s letterbox recently restored

Footnotes:

[1] I was born in Wyndham, Southland, moved to Tripp Settlement Road, Geraldine in 1963, then to Pleasant Point in 1965. Both my other houses were character Bay Villas. How did I end up in a block box? It is private, warm, and full of light, plus room for studio space. I do miss having a wide hallway and wall-space to display art though.

[2] ( 1951- 2019) David was elected president of Central South Island Fish and Game Council in 2018. See https://fishandgame.org.nz/assets/Uploads/FGNZ-2018-Central-South-Island-Candidate-profiles-v3-007.pdf

[3] See sale of land in the Township of Marchwiel 1912 Facebook post by Cherie Fagan June 4 2018 “land for sale in the northern boundaries” https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2120500391323587&set=gm.1854168077979317&type=3&theater&ifg=1

[4] all  mentioned in Timaru Herald on Papers Past

[5] For teachers and adults read more at https://superflux.in/index.php/cartographies-of-imagination/#


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